Nickel 405(UNS N04405): A Comprehensive Guide to Composition, Properties, and Applications 

Nickel 405, designated as UNS N04405, stands as a premier nickel-copper alloy engineered for exceptional machinability while retaining high strength and robust corrosion resistance. As a specialized variant of the well-established Nickel 400, this material addresses a critical need in manufacturing: the efficient production of complex, high-performance components. For procurement engineers, project managers, and designers in demanding sectors, a thorough understanding of Nickel 405's distinct characteristics is fundamental to specifying a material that guarantees both operational integrity and fabrication efficiency. 

This comprehensive guide delivers an in-depth technical examination of the Nickel 405 material. We will explore its precise chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties, key performance benefits, and primary applications. Furthermore, we will analyze its performance in specific corrosive environments, compare it against alternative alloys, and present practical case studies that illustrate its value in real-world industrial scenarios. 

What is Nickel 405?

Nickel 405 is a solid-solution nickel-copper alloy with a carefully controlled addition of sulfur. This sulfur content is the key element that differentiates it from Alloy 400. During machining, the sulfur forms finely dispersed nickel-sulfide inclusions within the metallic matrix. These inclusions act as chip breakers, promoting the formation of small, brittle chips that break away cleanly from the workpiece. This characteristic transforms the machining process, enabling faster cutting speeds, extending the life of cutting tools, and achieving a superior surface finish. Consequently, it is often referred to as a "free-machining" grade, making it the material of choice for automated screw machines and high-volume production runs of intricate parts. 

Despite the modification for machinability, Alloy 405 maintains the exemplary corrosion resistance that defines the nickel-copper alloy family. It demonstrates outstanding performance in a wide range of media, from marine and brackish waters to non-oxidizing acids and strong alkaline solutions. This unique combination of superior machinability and proven durability makes it an invaluable engineering material for manufacturing complex components such as fasteners, valve bodies, and precision shafts. The alloy is governed by established international standards, including ASTM B164, AMS 4674, and UNS N04405, which ensures its quality and performance for critical applications.